Words
open class, closed system items

Morphemes
the minimal units of meaning
most elementary grammatical form

one morpheme	
boy, desire

two morphemes	
boy + ish, desire + able

three morphemes 	
boy + ish + ness, desire+able+ity

four morphemes	
un + desire + able + ity

more			
anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism

free, bound; lexical, grammatical

strangers: 
cranberry, huckleberry
morphemes like cran, huckle are not meaningful in isolation,
cp. -ceive, - mit  in receive, perceive, remit, permit
inept - *ept, incest - *cest, disgusted - *gusted, lukewarm-*luke
 
{plural}	{es}, {s}, {en}, {-}		allomorphs
{lexical}	kiss+es, tree+s, street+s, ox+en, fish


Morphological definition of word classes

N		pl	poss				derivations
V		base	3sg	past tense	pres part	past part
Adj		-er, -est
Adv		-ly
Pron		N, A, Poss
Prep	-
Conj	-


Definition according to position slots: 
Syntax, IC (Immediate Constituents) Analysis:  
Subject, Object, Complement, Determiner
Position in NP, VP; S (Cl)

Applied to words:
Example: 		Ungentlemanly
Un			neg. prefix
gentlemanly		Adv
gentleman		N
-ly			derivational suffix
gentle			Adj
man			N


Inflexional morphemes. 
Prefixes, Suffixes, Infixes
{-s} in {makes}, {cats}	3pes sg of V, pl of N

Derivational morphemes
for shift of word class, not for syntactical relations
{-er}		baker, 	from	bake
{-ify} 		glorify		from	glory 
{-en}		blacken	from	black
{-0}		cheat		from 	cheat



N to ADJ	    		V to N		    	ADJ to ADV      N to V       N to N
boy+ish		     	acquitt+al	 	exact+ly
virtu+ous		   	clear+ance	 	quiet+ly
Elizabeth+an	 	accus+ation
picture+esque		confer+ence	
affection+ate		sing+er	                    	moral+ize
health+ful		  	conform+ist		                vaccin+ate
alcohol+ic			  predict+ion		                brand+ish
life+like		                               	              free+dom


No change of word class 
(prefixes)
a+moral		   	mono+theism	   	re+print
ex+wife			   auto+biography		semi+annual
super+human		sub+minimal

(suffixes)
vicar+age			Trotsky+ite			long+er
short+est			Commun+ist			 music+ian
Americ+an			pun+ster

un- = not
happy - unhappy, aceptable - unacceptable, etc., etc.
but:
*unsad, *unbrave

unpredictable meanings in:
unloosen			loosen, let loose
unrip			  	rip, undo by ripping
undo				   reverse doing
untread	 		go back through in the same steps
unearth		 	dig up
unfrock		 	deprive (a cleric) of his rank
unnerve		 	fluster


Limitation of morphological rules
sincere - sincerity

RULE: -ity derives N from Adj
chaste - chastity, scarce - scarcity, curious - curiosity

BUT: fierce - *fiercity? warm -*warmity?

It is 
fierce - fierceness
warm - warmth

sad - sadden
RULE: -en derives V from ADJ
ripe - ripen, red - redden, weak - weaken, deep - deepen
BUT: thin - *thinnen? full - *fullen? cool - *coollen?






Analyze


Free Morpheme	  Bound Morpheme	Zero M		     Deriv	     
    bridge				 	-s		                        drawbridge

								(he)draws
								(to)draw
								(the)drink
								(he)drinks
								(a)drinker
								blindness
								disagreement
								discuss





Euphemisms

bookkeper					invoice coordinator
calories					food energy
chemical warfare				defoliation
garbage collector				sanitary engineer
janitor						custodian
news reporter				broadcast journalist
old people‘s home				retirement village
old person					senior citizen
policeman					peace officer
retaliation					protective reaction
retreat						orderly withdrawal
stomache ache				gastric distress
travelling repairman			field engineer

toilet						?
to die			
sweat
to be fat

WORD FORMATION

Blending
television + broadcast	= telecast
ecological + system	 	= ecosystem

process: clip, then fuse

Which are the terms from which these words have been blended?

fantabulous			A____			B____
Carmen's Mexicatessen	A____			B____
Flextra Pantyhose		A____			B____
Bisquick			A____			B____
slimnastics			A____			B____
beefalo			A____			B____
broasted			A____			B____
alcoholiday			A____			B____
slanguage			A____			B____



WORD BOUNDARY SHIFT

The Reverend Henry Ward Beecher
Called a hen a most elegant creature;
The hen, pleased with that,
Laid an egg in his hat,
And thus did the hen reward Beecher.

Advertisement for economy priced homes: "There's afford in your future."
Bank advertisement (picture of woman): "Teller everything."



COMPOUNDING

Fit product name with product characteristic

Product name			Product Characteristic
Dress-Me				girdle
Play-Doh				bra
Not-So-Hot				perfume
Cup-A-Soup				cotton panty
Easy-Does-It				shampoo
Forget-Me-Not			cough medicine
Soap-On-A-Roap			all-purpose cleaner
Klean-And-Shine			toilet bowl cleaner
Cross-Your-Heart			instant soup in ind. packages
No-Visible-Means-Of-Support	beauty mask
Brush-On-Peel-Off			bra
Silence-Is-Golden			reader's club
Janitor-in-a-Drum			hanging shower soap
Book-Of-The-Month		food made with prepared sausage
I-Can't-Believe-It's-A-Girdle	children's modeling clay
Tidy-Bowl				cleaning compound
Gee-Your-Hair-Smells-Terrific	A teddybear used for children to get dressed 
	
			
REVERSING COMPOUNDS

baby boy			boy baby
water table			table water
guest house			house guest
basketball			ball basket
apple orchard		orchard apple 



EUPHEMISMS

bookkeeper				invoice coordinator
calories				food energy
chemical warfare			defoliation
garbage collector			sanitary engineer
janitor				custodian
news reporter			broadcast journalist
old people's home			retirement village
old person				senior citizen
policeman				peace officer
retaliation				protective reaction
retreat				orderly withdrawal
stomach ache			gastric disease
traveling repairman		field engineer