1 Full-scale computers have a large number of programs.
2 We must change all the programs tomorrow.
3 Tomorrow will be a holiday here.
4 These bookshelves are becoming very popular in Sweden.
5 We have recently added an extra unit to them.
6 Will you give it a try?
7 On July 7, DDT was sprayed on the marsh from a helicopter.
8 We all read too many books too quickly.
9 The young man grew restless in his mother-in-law's house.
10 They had made him their son-in-law despite his objections.
11 He found his mother-in-law greedy.
12 They had found him a charming young wife.

Subordinate or dependent clauses

Kennzeichnen Sie in den nachstehenden Beispielen die abhängigen Satze mit Hilfe von Klammern [. . .] und nennen Sie deren Satzgliedfunktion in bezug auf den übergeordneten Satz mit Hilfe der Kategorien S, V, P, O usw.

Objects and complements
Geben Sie mit Hilfe der folgenden Abkürzungen an, um welche Konstituenten es sich bei den unterstrichenen Teilen nachstehender Beispielsätze handelt: Od: direktes Objekt; Oi: indirektes Objekt; Ps: Prädikativ zum Subjekt ; Po: Prädikativ zum Objekt :

1 Will someone get a doctor, quickly!
2 George and Paul both became famous doctors.
3 Do you call yourself a doctor?
4 May I call you Jenny?
5 May I call you a taxi or something?
6 Call me anything you like.
7 It's so cold. I can't get warm.
8 I can't get my hands warm.
9 Keep quiet. Keep those children quiet.
10 Can't you give them something to keep them quiet?
11 The young man was slowly going mad.
12 His mother-in-law was driving him mad.
13 The driver turned the corner too quickly.
14 The weather is turning warmer.
15 The hot weather turned all the milk sour.
16 The young man grew very depressed.
17 He grew his hair long.
18 He had made a great mistake.
19 His in-laws had simply made him their servant.
20 His wife sometimes made him curry.
21 But this only made him more miserable.
22 Show ame your passport. Show me.
23 Did you see anyone? Did you say anything?
24 I didn't tell anybody anything.>

Linguistic structures
Teile der nachstehenden Belspielsatze sind unterstrichen. Stellen Sie fest, welche der in folgender Liste aufgeführten sprachlichen Strukturen durch diese Texte realisiert werden:


a simple (= one-word) finite verb phrase
b complex finite verb phrase
c simple non-finite verb phrase (including infinitive with to)
d complex non-finite verb phrase
e finite clause
f non-finite clause
g prepositional phrase
h noun phrase
i adjective phrase
j adverb phrase

1 Fire can cause great damage to any city.
2 The Great Fire of London started in a bakery.
3 It burnt furiously for four days.
4 Pepys has given us a vivid account of it.
5 Who has given a vivid account of it?
6 The man who has just spoken is Benjamin Hall.
7 They suddenly decided to christen the bell Big Ben.
8 The idea occurred to them while Hall was speaking.
9 The man who won the contract was Dent.
10 The next day we were sitting in the car.
11 Leaving us at the gate, they disappeared.
12 Leaving us at the gate like that was very thoughtless.
13 Hand the man at the gate your ticket.
14 I never imagined that such a thing could happen.
15 The strange thing is that we never heard of him again.
16 I thoroughly enjoyed meeting June again.
17 Meeting her again has left me very happy.
18 There were the cakes, burnt to a cinder.
19 GRAVE DOUBTS WHETHER PEACE WILL LAST
20 Graves doubts whether agreement can be reached.

Sentences

- may be classified according to their purpose, thus
statements, assertive
questions, non-assertive
commands
exclamations

- may be classified according to their clause structure, thus
simple sentences, consisting of one clause only,
i.e. one subject and one predicate
complex sentences, consisting of one main clause
and one or more subordinated clauses
>cf. compound clauses

Sentences can be analyzed according to their elements,
S,V,O, P, A,
and these elements according to structural categories,
Clause,
Phrase; NP, VP, AP, PP

Element Realization Types

V : VPfinite or non-finite

VP : AuxV + HeadV

Aux : Operator, ModalAux

S, Od, P : Clause , NP , P also : AdjP

Oid : NP

A : AP, NP, PP. Clause

Sentence elements: S, V, P, O, A
Analyze the following sentences in terms of their constituent elements:
1 Have you read Macbeth?
2 The accident was terrible.
3 Go now!
4 Yesterday Joh n bought the Guardian.
5 I know that a car is expensive.
6 The old lady might sell it.
7 He was fined because he had not ticket.
8 When we came home, we went to bed
9 Do you know the British Museum?
10 Our neighbours bought a new TV set.

Syntactic structures
a) simple (=one word) finite verb phrase
b) complex finite verb phrase
c) simple non-finite verb phrase (including infinitive with to)
d) complex non-finite verb phrase
e)finite clause
f) non-finite clause
g) prepositional phrase
h) noun phrase
i) adjective phrase
j) adverb phrase

Which of these structures do the underlined sentence elements illustrate
1 Fire can cause great damage to any city.
2 The Great Fire of London started in a bakery.
3 It burnt furiously for four days
4 Pepys has given us a vivid account of it.
5 Who has given a vivid account of it?
6 The man who has just spoken is Benjamin Hall.
7 They suddenly decided to christen the bell Big Ben.
8 The idea occurred to them while Hall was speaking.
9 The man who won the contract was Dent.
10 The next day we were sitting in the car.
11 Leaving us at the gate, they disappeared.
12 Leaving us at the gate like that was very thoughtless.
13 Hand the man at the gate your ticket.
14 I never imagined that such a thing could happen.
15 The strange thing is that we never heard of him again.
16 I thoroughly enjoyed meeting June again.
17 Meeting her again has left me very happy.
18 There were the cakes, burnt to a cinder.
19 Grave doubts whether peace will last.
20 Graves doubts whether agreement can be reached.

Question:
Which is the main criterion for distinguishing between stative and dynamic verb phrases?

Indicate whether the parts underlined in the following sentences are to be classified as either stative or dynamic:

1 This tank holds precisely 10 litres.
2 Hold the handle very firmly.
3 Answer the question more precisely.
4 He‘s a fool. Don‘t listen to him.
5 I was a fool. I was driving too fast.
6 I‘d like three tickets immediately.
7 We have only tow tickets, I‘m afraid.
8 I was having my coffee quietly.
9 Smell this meat. Does it smell bad?
10 I think I hear someone coming.
11 I consider you acted very wisely.
12 We shall consider your application.

Verbs
a) intensive
b)extensive
c) stative
d) dynamic
e) intransitive
f) monotransitive
g) ditransitive
h) complex transitive

Classify the verbsin the following sentences according to that list.
Note that a verb may belong to more than one class!

1 Do you understand the question?
2 English and German are separate languages.
3 He appeared rather worried.
4 The mist is disappearing slowly.
5 I see what you mean.
6 You aren‘t looking in the right direction.
7 He offered her his hand hesitatingly.
8 Betrand is becoming rather a bore.
9 Susan chooses her clothes sensibly.
10 Her mother made her that dress well.
11 We elected him President unanimously.
12 His election made him very conceited.

Assertion, non-assertion
positive, negative
declarative, interrogative

Classify the following examples as
a) assertion, positive, declarative (positive statement)
b) non-assertion, interrogative, positive (positive question)
c) non-assertion, interrogative, negative (negative question)
d) non-assertion, negative (negative statement)

Argue with the help of the sytactic behavior of words like some and any, already and yet, too and either

1 Have you finished this chapter yet?
2 None of us have finished it yet.
3 Some of the others have finished it already.
4 Then why haven‘t you finished it yet?
5 Have you got much to do?
6 I never have much to do i n the evening.
7 But I have quite a lot to do in the morning.
8 I haven‘t much to do in the evening, either.
9 I have plenty to do in the morning, too.
10 Haven‘t you got anything to do, either?